Chemicals {neuroregulator} {neuromodulator} can amplify or negate neurotransmitters by altering transmitter-receptor interactions, changing ion flux, or activating neuroreceptor enzymes.
Molecules {ampakine} increase glutamine binding to AMPA receptor and increase glutamate release from AMPA receptor, affecting memory and cognition.
Molecules {diacylglycerol} (DAG) can phosphorylate ion channels.
Molecules {inositol triphosphate} (IP3) can phosphorylate ion channels.
Proteins {alpha-integrin} can bind to cell membranes, maintain long-term potentiation (LTP), and aid memory.
Enzymes {protein kinase Mz} can be necessary and sufficient for long-term potentiation.
Chemicals {retrograde messenger} can diffuse back from postsynaptic to presynaptic membrane. For example, upon protein-kinase activation, nitric oxide synthase makes nitric oxide from l-arginine. Nitric oxide diffuses back from postsynaptic to presynaptic membrane and causes increase in vesicle release, if membrane is still active.
4-Zoology-Organ-Nerve-Neural Chemical
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Date Modified: 2022.0225